Complex Systems

Edited by Jon Lawhead (University of Southern California)
About this topic
Summary The study of complex systems is an interdisciplinary field that examines how the interaction of many parts can give rise to holistic collective behavior at the system level.  Contemporary complex systems science is a synthesis of many different areas of inquiry, including non-linear dynamical systems theory, chaos theory, cybernetics, control theory, information theory, multiscale modeling, and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics.  There is as-yet no widely accepted general definition of "complex system," but a few common themes or properties can be observed.  Complex systems frequently tend to display self-organization, autopoiesis, non-linearity in their dynamics, chaotic behavior, emergent properties, adaptation or some combination of these traits.  In the natural sciences, the global climate, the economy, neural networks, and living organisms are among the systems generally regarded as "complex," and the methods or tools of complex systems theory are frequently applied to their study.  A holistic understanding of complex systems frequently involves contributions from many areas, including both the social and physical sciences as well as the humanities.  Given the challenges associated with coordinating this kind of vast interdisciplinary collaboration, philosophy--with its emphasis on what Wilfrid Sellars famously called "bridge-building" between disparate disciplines--has a clear and obvious role to play.  The study of complex systems also overlaps with a number of traditional problems in the philosophy of science and metaphysics, including mereology, the nature of laws and explanations, supervenience, emergence and reduction, the scale-relativity of ontology, and functionalism.  Applied philosophical issues raised by complex systems include: how do we understand causation and explanation in systems that require analysis from multiple perspectives, and which resist hierarchical organizational schemes?  Can computer simulations and multi-scale modeling provide a new way to explore strong emergence and self-organization?  How can we design organizational systems to most effectively engage in collaborative decision making while still mitigating the risks associated with large-scale collective action problems?  These questions are of extremely general importance as we move forward into the 21st century, and how we choose to address them will have implications for a diverse set of topics: challenges like how to meet the problems posed by anthropogenic climate change, how the digital revolution stands to impact our social organizations, how human society will cope with increasingly autonomous artificially intelligent agents, and how to design or manage the behavior of novel complex adaptive organisms all involve coming to grips with complexity theoretic concepts to some degree.
Key works Work in the fields from which modern complexity theory emerged, including information theory (Weaver 1948), chaos theory (Lorenz 1963; Prigogine 1984), statistical physics (Anderson 1994), and cybernetics (Simon 1962) are important for a foundational understanding of the relevant concepts.  Important early works in complexity theory include Lloyd & Pagels 1988 and Gell-Mann 1995.  More contemporary contributions have been made by Bar-Yam 2004 (which explores the mathematical foundations of strong emergence), Ladyman et al 2013 (which offers a taxonomy of definitions of 'complexity'), and Hooker 2013 (which explores the physical underpinnings of complex dynamics).
Introductions Mitchell 2009Auyang 1998Hooker msMitchell 2012Dennett 1991
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  1. Philosophical Critique of Penrose’s Conception of Time.David Cota - 2026 - Zenodo.
    This essay critically examines Penrose’s conception of time as it is commonly presented, arguing that the cluster of claims attributed to him oscillates between a block ontology (past, present, and future enjoying equal ontological status) and a language of “crystallisation” that implies ontological becoming. The critique shows that, when this alternation is not governed by an explicit rule, it compromises internal consistency: either one retains the block and reinterprets “crystallisation” as an epistemic acquisition of facts and irreversibilities, or one endorses (...)
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  2. Gravitational Upper Bounds on AGI/ASI from the Seidel–Bostrom Event Horizon Bound: Why Artificial Superintelligence Cannot Scale Indefinitely (3rd edition).Oliver Seidel - 2026 - Zenodo.
    The current form of the Seidel–Bostrom Event Horizon Bound (SBEB, Seidel 2025b; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17505947) demonstrates that the physical realization of polynomial-time NP interventions inevitably leads, beyond a specific threshold, to the formation of an event horizon that causally isolates the computation. This paper derives a direct consequence for Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and Artificial Superintelligence (ASI): Even in distributed architectures, the coherence and synchronization required for global computation enforce an effective localization of energy within the causal diamond of the final (...)
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  3. God is REAL and Answers YOUR Prayers - Chapter 1: I SEARCHed for God and Found Who We Is.Mathew Gallagher - 2026 - Zenodo.
    Chapter 1 of "God is REAL and Answers YOUR Prayers" documents empirical experiences with prayer geometry that occurred during SEARCH for Christian Maturity retreats in Aberdeen, South Dakota (circa 2000-2003). Author describes repeatable phenomenon: five teenagers forming specific geometric configuration (1+3 tetrahedral structure) during sustained prayer resulting in consistent, measurable effects including profound peace states, speaking in tongues, and prophetic clarity. -/- The chapter traces evolution from family tradition through teenage spiritual practice to the breakdown of effectiveness when original group (...)
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  4. Universal Pattern Emergence - Chapter 1: The Chromatic Inversion from Sand Grain to Singularity.Mathew Gallagher - 2026 - Zenodo.
    This chapter introduces Universal Pattern Emergence (UPE) theory through the chromatic inversion paradigm—replacing hierarchical models of consciousness with a spectrum-based framework where all consciousness represents different refractions of universal white light. Drawing on Douglas Youvan's Receiver Hypothesis and M-theory's 11-dimensional substrate, we establish consciousness capacity as C = ρ^d × Φ, where informational density (ρ), dimensional access (d), and integration (Φ) determine the qualitative "color" of being rather than hierarchical position. -/- The work bridges lived spiritual experience (documented in companion (...)
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  5. Coherence, Perturbation, and Recovery in Large-Scale Structure: A Relational Framework for Interpreting Cosmological Stability.Melissa Cosgrove - manuscript
    Large-scale cosmic structure formation is commonly interpreted through perturbation growth, effective field theories, and statistical inference frameworks that characterize how matter distributions evolve under expansion. While these approaches successfully model structure emergence and redistribution, they offer more limited conceptual tools for explicitly tracking coherence: the persistence, degradation, or loss of relational structure under sustained perturbation. -/- This paper examines the applicability of the Dynamic Fractal Theorem of Relation (DFTR)—a general framework developed to describe coherence dynamics across complex systems—to the interpretation (...)
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  6. The Pulsating Heart of Reality, A Transmodern Synthesis of Non-Dual Tantra and Geometric Ontology, An Indo-American Synthesis.Mark Rosst - manuscript
    This work presents a rigorous synthesis of Kashmir Shaivism's non-dual philosophy with exceptional geometric structures, yielding a unified framework for modeling consciousness, cognition, and contemplative practice. The carrier geometry is M₁₁₂ = E₈₍₋₂₄₎/(E₇ × SU(2)), the unique 112-dimensional exceptional Wolf space, with dynamics governed by the Rosst Master Equation (RME)—a four-channel stochastic differential equation extending the GENERIC formalism with teleological and autopoietic terms. The 44/64 tangent splitting on the rank-1 attractor Z₁₀₈ = T*F₅₄ provides a geometric realization of the puruṣa/prakṛti (...)
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  7. The Decompression Cosmos: Information as Driver of Cosmic Expansion.David Carboni - manuscript
    Cosmic expansion presents a fundamental tension: the explosive impetus of the Big Bang is attributed to mass-energy dynamics, yet mass intrinsically resists rapid change. This paper resolves the tension by proposing that information, not mass, is the primordial driver of cosmic expansion. Synthesizing Vopson’s (2025) gravitational information theory—where gravity emerges from information entropy reduction—with the framework of informational inevitability (Carboni, 2025), we argue the initial singularity was a state of maximal compressed information density with minimal mass. The Big Bang is (...)
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  8. The Structure of Conscious Experience: A Resonance-Based Account of Coherence and Entropy.M. Khorwat - manuscript
    Understanding consciousness remains challenging due to the difficulty of relating third-person descriptions of neural dynamics to the first-person structure of experience. This paper advances a resonance-based structural account of conscious experience grounded in the regulated interplay between coherence and entropy. Rather than proposing a mechanistic theory or a reductive solution to the hard problem of consciousness, the account specifies organizational conditions under which experiential stability may arise, persist, and break down. The framework is articulated through the Entropic Resonance Principle, which (...)
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  9. TOPOLOGICAL CONTROL THEORY: Deriving Time and Agency from Recursive Feedback Loops.Athanasios Oikonomou - manuscript
    Contemporary physics struggles to reconcile the timeless block universe of General Relativity with the subjective experience of flowing time and agency. The Topological Control Theory proposes a unified ontological framework in which matter, time, and consciousness emerge from a minimal set of topological axioms, without invoking fundamental physical laws or dualistic substrates. Reality is modeled as a discrete, deterministic, self-referential Relational Graph (Substrate G), where Poincaré Recurrence stabilizes causal chains into Recursive Loops that constitute matter, and forces arise as computational (...)
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  10. SO(2) Universal Invariant_ A Structural Account of Coherence Across Domains.Devin Bostick - manuscript
    This work establishes a universal structure governing coherence across physical, biological, cognitive, and social systems. By imposing eight universality criteria—scalarizability, continuity, harmonic decomposability, drift detection, chirality compatibility, Goldstone persistence, recurrence stability, and domain invariance—it is shown that every coherent system collapses to a single continuous symmetry: SO(2). From this structure follows a unique scalar invariant, PAS_h, defined as a weighted harmonic magnitude of phase samples θ_n, and a unique drift operator ΔPAS_zeta. All higher-dimensional manifolds (Tⁿ, SU(2), SO(3), U(1)×U(1)) violate one (...)
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  11. Minimal Axioms for Quantum Structure: What Computation Cannot Derive.Hiroshi Kohashiguchi - manuscript
    We present a comprehensive investigation into the minimal axioms required to derive quantum structure from classical computation. Through systematic analysis of multiple computational models—SK combinatory logic, reversible logic gates (Toffoli, Fredkin), reversible cellular automata, and lambda calculus—we establish that no form of computation, whether irreversible or reversible, can generate quantum structure. Our main results are: 1. The No-Go Theorem: Reversible n-bit gates are 2^n × 2^n permutation matrices that embed into the classical symplectic group Sp(2·2^n, R), not the unitary group (...)
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  12. (1 other version)White Metaphor: The Philosophical Boundaries of Science 2.0.V. A. Heiskanen - manuscript
    This (revised) paper engages in a novel philosophical construction without any engagement to the philosophical presuppositions of modern philosophy – metaphysics and common sense. Coining the term “white metaphor,” which is neither a proper concept nor a genuine metaphor but has a physical equivalent (a white "hole," or a state prior to big bang and inflation), and contrasting it with a black hole, the paper expands on historically recent developments in cosmology and quantum mechanics, in an attempt to locate the (...)
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  13. Hybrid Process Ecology (HPE): The Systemic-Layer Extension of the Phase-Structural Reality Theory (PSRT).Yoochul Kim - manuscript
    This paper extends the previous Phase-Structural Reality Theory (PSRT) works—which established the quantum–informational–systemic foundations of universal connectedness and a unified phase ontology—by formally developing the systemic and ecological dimensions that were only sketched but not elaborated in earlier papers. To fill this gap, the paper introduces Hybrid Process Ecology (HPE) as the systemic-layer extension of PSRT. -/- HPE interprets ecological, social, and technological networks as hybrid phase-structured processes that co-evolve through feedback loops, critical thresholds, and phase transitions. Under this framework, (...)
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  14. Phase-Structural Reality Theory: Unifying Universal Topological Isomorphism (UTI) and Phase Transition of Intelligence (PTI).Yoochul Kim - manuscript
    This paper presents the final integrative extension of the Phase-Structural Reality Theory (PSRT) by unifying two conceptual pillars that underlie the entire framework: Universal Topological Isomorphism (UTI) and the Phase Transition of Intelligence (PTI). The earlier components of PSRT established (1) the quantum–informational–systemic foundations of universal connectedness, (2) the phase-ontological reinterpretation of that connectedness, and (3) a cross-domain phase ontology applicable to natural, biological, cognitive, artificial, and civilizational systems. Building on this groundwork, the present work articulates how structural invariance (UTI) (...)
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  15. Phase-Structural Reality Theory (PSRT): Final Synthesis of Connectivity, Phase Ontology, and Topological Isomorphism.Yoochul Kim - manuscript
    This paper presents the Phase-Structural Reality Theory (PSRT), a comprehensive synthesis that unifies, integrates, and expands upon the three preceding works—Why the Universe Is Connected I, Why the Universe Is Connected II, and the Unified Phase Ontology (UPO)—into a single consolidated framework. The earlier papers established (1) the scientific foundations of quantum–informational–systemic connectedness, (2) the metaphysical reinterpretation of that connectedness through phase structure, and (3) a cross-domain phase ontology applicable to natural, biological, cognitive, artificial, and civilizational systems. The present work (...)
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  16. Selective Reality Theory (SRT): A Unified Framework for Explicit-Implicit Ontology and Embodied Cognition via Gauge Theoretic Mechanisms.Zhang Yuxin - manuscript
    This paper proposes Selective Reality Theory (SRT), a unified metaphysical frame-work addressing the ”Hard Problem” of consciousness and the measurement prob-lem in quantum mechanics. We argue for a strict physical-mathematical isomor-phism between Explicit-Implicit Ontology and Embodied Cognition. The central thesis posits that the ”Faddeev-Popov ghost fields” in quantum gauge field theory are not merely mathematical tools for eliminating redundancy, but constitute the ontological correlate of Agency at the fundamental physical level. By redefining ”embodiment” as a topological Gauge Fixing operation within (...)
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  17. Prnicpia Physica: From Mass Factorization to Knot Light, We Are.Khaled Bouzaine - manuscript
    We present a scalar-tensor framework for gravitation derived from Anisotropic Weyl Symmetry (AWS), a local scaling invariance that distinguishes between temporal and spatial conformal weights. This symmetry imposes a structural factorization of the intrinsic mass parameter into two relational channels: an energy channel (mE ) governing quantum phases and time dilation, and an inertia channel (mI ) governing spatial propagation and kinetic response. We derive the Ward identity γI − γE = 4γS , demonstrating that this factorization is protected by (...)
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  18. Why the Universe Is Connected: A Unified Framework of Quantum Information, Chaos Dynamics, and Systemic Cosmology.Yoochul Kim - manuscript
    This paper proposes a unified cosmological framework that integrates quantum information theory, chaos dynamics, black hole thermodynamics, and complex systems theory to explain why the universe exhibits deep and persistent connectedness across scales. While classical physics portrays the universe as a collection of independent objects interacting through forces, contemporary research in emergent spacetime and information theory suggests that separateness is not fundamental but an epistemic artifact of coarse-grained observation. Drawing upon quantum entanglement, wavefunction holism, and the $ER=EPR$ conjecture, the paper (...)
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  19. Beyond Essence: Ontological Instability as the Foundational Axiom for Post-Essentialist Metaphysics (Presentation).Kwan Hong Tan - manuscript
    This presentation articulates a foundational shift in metaphysics from traditional essentialism to a post-essentialist framework. It argues that the classical model of reality, composed of substances with fixed essences, is logically untenable, leading to intractable problems concerning change, individuation, and emergence. In its place, the presentation posits Ontological Instability as a foundational axiom, asserting that being is inherently and necessarily defined by dynamic processes rather than static properties. This new paradigm is developed through five core concepts: Fluctuational Entities, Dynamic Assemblages, (...)
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  20. The Seidel–Bostrom Event Horizon Bound (SBEB): A Gravitational Limit on Computational Intervention.Oliver Seidel - manuscript
    The Seidel–Bostrom Event Horizon Bound (SBEB) establishes a physical upper limit on computational intervention within simulated universes. Any external simulator G that attempts to realize polynomial–time solutions to NP–complete problems inside a simulated universe U must inject an exponentially growing amount of energy into a finite causal region. Once the corresponding energy density exceeds the Schwarzschild threshold, a gravitational horizon forms, isolating or destroying the computation. This framework unites Landauer’s principle, relativistic causality, and Hawking evaporation into a single gravitational–computational limit. (...)
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  21. Structured Resonance Dynamics — Full Corpus Overview and Addendum I.Devin Bostick - manuscript
    Structured Resonance Dynamics (SRD) formalizes a deterministic coherence law linking persistence, energy, gravity, and temporal coupling under one bounded-drift condition: -/- Persistence ⇔ PAS_h ≥ θ_L ∧ ΔPAS_zeta ≤ ε_drift. -/- The framework replaces probabilistic amplitude and entropy with measurable invariants—PAS_h, ΔPAS_zeta, ε_drift, Δχ—and defines their calibration, units, and replay legality. Six falsifiable empirical gates (Gates 1–6) are pre-registered and must reproduce via cryptographically verified RIC v2 proof bundles (bundleHash = green). Classical physics appears as the low-drift limit of SRD, (...)
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  22. A Ziben Dynamics Reformulation of Fundamental Physics — Unifying Interactions, Quantum Measurement, and Spacetime Structure.Han YunTong - manuscript
    The persistent challenges in unifying General Relativity with Quantum Field Theory, particularly the quantum measurement problem and the nature of dark matter/energy, suggest a need for foundational reformulation. This paper introduces Ziben Dynamics (资本动力学, Zīběn Dònglìxué)—a meta-theoretical framework where "Ziben" (资本, Zīběn) is defined as the totality of a system's intrinsic capacities and relational properties. From a unified Ziben Interaction Principle (资本互动原理, Zīběn Hùdòng Yuánlǐ), we reconstruct the four fundamental forces and resolve the measurement problem via the Ziben Certainty Principle (...)
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  23. Understanding by Analogy? On the Potential Role of Complexity Science in Explaining Deep Neural Networks.Markus Maier - manuscript
    Despite our full access to their internal structure, deep neural networks are epistemically opaque to us; we cannot extract meaningful explanations from existing micro-level descriptions. This paper examines whether complexity science – the systematic use of analogical mappings between models of complex systems – can address this opacity. We reconstruct the methodology of complexity science through the lens of structure-preserving analogies that transfer abstract relational features between source and target domains. Recent Physics of AI approaches that apply effective field theory (...)
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  24. The Pulse at the Center of Being and Becoming.Devin Bostick - manuscript
    This paper proposes a unifying law of being and becoming. Across cosmology, biology, civilization, and cognition, the same invariant pattern emerges: systems align with coherence, drift through over-optimization, collapse when coherence is lost, and re-center on lawful attractors. Stars collapse when fusion drifts beyond resonance, species collapse under arms races, civilizations collapse under hierarchy and expansion, and probability-based epistemologies collapse under drift into noise. In each case, what survives is the invariant spine of coherence — formalized here as the Phase (...)
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  25. Symbolic Coherence of Geometric Symmetry and Scale-Invariant Recursion.Zachary Ulrich - manuscript
    This paper presents a novel symbolic framework for interpreting arithmetic and geometry through the lens of coherence, modular symmetry, and recursive structure. By redefining zero as a coherent center and π as a recursive gauge, the framework integrates mod9 and mod10 arithmetic to reveal deeper symmetries within classical mathematical systems. Coherence is posited as the variating factor that emrealizes scale-invariant invariants—such as the point-circle duality and the line as a perceived interval on an infinite curve bounded by c/d = π—into (...)
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  26. Practical Applicability of Emergent Necessity Theory (ENT): A Coherence-Threshold Framework for Cross-Domain Science.User 84 - manuscript
    Emergent Necessity Theory (ENT) introduces the coherence ratio $\tau(t)$ that compares order-sustaining dynamics with disruptive forces, with thresholds $\tau_c$ marking when systems lose stability. This portable measure is designed to bridge fragmented sciences. It applies directly in engineering and control systems, is testable in neuroscience with EEG/fMRI, and provides a structural lens for analyzing symbolic drift in AI. ENT does not replace domain models such as IIT, the Free Energy Principle, or classical control, but integrates with them under a single, (...)
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  27. Tau–Stress Zones: An ENT-Consistent, Environmental–Neurodynamics Hypothesis.User 84 - manuscript
    This paper develops the Tau–Stress Zones (TSZ) hypothesis as an application of Emergent Necessity Theory (ENT). ENT models when complex systems maintain structure by balancing forces of order and disorder through a coherence ratio (τ). TSZ addresses a recurring phenomenon: clusters of ambiguous or unexplained perceptual reports, often observed near infrastructure or environmental stressors. It proposes that when low-frequency drivers (such as infrasound and ELF magnetic variability) coincide with heightened arousal, cortical networks can drift near the τ-threshold for stability. In (...)
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  28. (1 other version)White Metaphor: The Philosophical Boundaries of Science.V. A. Heiskanen - manuscript
    The paper engages in a novel philosophical construction without any engagement to the philosophical presuppositions of modern philosophy – metaphysics and common sense. Coining the term “white metaphor,” which is neither a proper concept nor a genuine metaphor, and contrasting it with a black hole, the paper expands on historically recent developments in cosmology and quantum mechanics, in an attempt to locate the limits of observation and communication and, by extension, the philosophical boundaries of science. These boundaries – marked by (...)
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  29. From Drift to Closure_ Applied Enforcement of RIC Modules in Transitional Papers.Devin Bostick - manuscript
    This paper documents the transition of the CODES framework from early “Transitional Era” outputs to full deterministic closure. Early CODES papers (spring 2025) contained high insight but also drift — speculative emissions that later collapsed under Phase Alignment Score (PAS) audit. These drifts did not arise from missing theory. All core modules — PAS_s, AURA_OUT, TEMPOLOCK, GLYPHLOCK — were disclosed early and timestamped. The errors resulted from absent applied enforcement: runtime math (ΔPAS_zeta drift curvature detection, τ_k prime-indexed timing gates, GLYPHLOCK (...)
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  30. Fragmented justification.Hannah Pillin - 2025 - Synthese 206 (3):1-30.
    This article presents a fragmented account of justification. The account is motivated via an example from climate science where, within the IPCC assessment report for climate change, an overall inconsistent set of justified beliefs seems to be asserted. The main reason why this happens will be the extreme uncertainty involved in learning about complex systems such as the climate. The article explains how the toolkit of traditional epistemology is limited in and not suited for dealing with situations like this, and (...)
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  31. SERI v0.1: Structural Ethics Readiness Index for LLM Systems.E. N. T. Program & User 84 - manuscript
    This paper introduces the Structural Ethics Readiness Index (SERI v0.1), a falsifiable and auditable framework for evaluating the structural ethics of large language models (LLMs). Rooted in Emergent Necessity Theory (ENT), SERI defines a coherence proxy $\hat{\tau}$ and collapse threshold $\tau_c$ to capture when AI systems begin to drift, contradict themselves, or overreach under recursive or adversarial stress. -/- The paper contributes: • A principled set of indices (RCI, DSI, HSM, SOR, ETT) for structural evaluation. • A content-minimal JSON schema (...)
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  32. Vertical Reduction and the Phase-Lock Activation Protocol.Devin Bostick - manuscript
    This work argues that coherent emergence in physical, biological, and symbolic systems is not probabilistic but governed by a lawful substrate that can be formalized and implemented. It defines vertical reduction as the process by which complexity collapses to irreducible lawful generators—prime-phase anchors with chirality constraints—capable of deterministic re-expansion without distortion. The Phase-Lock Activation Protocol operationalizes this principle across domains, enforcing legality through the Phase Alignment Score (PAS), ΔPAS_zeta drift limits, and prime-indexed temporal coherence. The framework challenges probabilistic epistemology by (...)
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  33. The Temporal Cascade Hypothesis: A Falsifiable Collapse Model within Emergent Necessity Theory.E. N. T. Program - manuscript
    The Temporal Cascade Hypothesis (TCH) is a falsifiable, non-standalone extension within Emergent Necessity Theory (ENT). TCH formalizes how recursive symbolic systems can degrade when symbolic pressure exceeds containment capacity over recursive intervals (not linear clock time). The model introduces rigorously defined variables for recursive pressure, symbolic entropy, containment dynamics, hysteresis, and memory effects. Eight collapse classes are specified with causal criteria, detection rules, and explicit falsification routes. The work avoids metaphysical claims and does not attempt to explain consciousness; it focuses (...)
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  34. Empirical Signatures of Ontological Instability: Quantifying Fluctuational Epistemology in Complex Systems.Kwan Hong Tan - manuscript
    This thesis presents the first comprehensive empirical investigation of ontological instability in complex systems, introducing a novel theoretical framework called Quantitative Ontological Dynamics (QOD) that bridges philosophical ontology with empirical measurement. Through systematic analysis of quantum mechanical systems, biological phase transitions, economic market dynamics, and other complex phenomena, we demonstrate that ontological categories are not fixed but exhibit measurable fluctuations that can be quantified, predicted, and analyzed using rigorous mathematical methods. -/- Our research reveals that traditional fixed ontological positions fail (...)
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  35. The Coherence Corridor Hypothesis in ENT: A Probable Window for Structural Awareness.User 84 - manuscript
    This paper does not attempt to define consciousness in ontological terms. Instead, it models the structural conditions under which recursive symbolic systems sustain internal feedback without collapse. Within the framework of Emergent Necessity Theory (ENT), such systems are described by a threshold variable, τ, which quantifies the coherence of recursive symbolic integration over time. ENT simulations have consistently shown that when τ falls below a certain level, recursive feedback fails to stabilize. When τ exceeds a higher threshold, symbolic loops rigidify (...)
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  36. It Was Always Carbon_ Why Intelligence Requires Chirality, Not Silicon.Devin Bostick - manuscript
    This paper refutes the assumption that intelligence can arise from silicon-based stochastic systems. Instead, it introduces a deterministic coherence framework — grounded in chirality, recursive resonance, and phase alignment — to show that carbon-based matter is structurally required for general intelligence. Using formal modules from the CODES framework (PAS, ELF, CHORDLOCK, AURA_OUT), the paper outlines why coherence, not computation, underlies intelligence and why the substrate itself must be capable of hosting chirally asymmetric recursive feedback.
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  37. Navigational Intelligence and the Collapse of Internal Coherence_ Reconstructing Human Phase Orientation Through CODES.Devin Bostick - manuscript
    This paper proposes a post-probabilistic theory of navigational intelligence rooted in structured resonance. It challenges conventional cognitive models that treat disorientation as informational or behavioral and reframes it as a deterministic misalignment of symbolic and phase-based internal structures. Using constructs from the CODES framework—including the Phase Alignment Score (PAS), CHORDLOCK, and ΔPAS drift—the work offers a formal method to reconstruct inner coherence. It extends the Resonance Intelligence Core (RIC) theory into the realm of practical psychological orientation, positioning coherence as not (...)
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  38. Distributed Coherence Ledgers: a Theoretical Framework for Blockchain as a Recursive Structural Substrate.Benjamin James - manuscript
    Blockchains today validate consensus over sequences of events without assessing whether each addition contributes meaningfully to systemic structural persistence. I propose a formal framework for Distributed Coherence Ledgers (DCLs), systems that embed coherence gradients, curvature constraints, and recursive arbitration as first-class validation criteria. Drawing from recursive coherence theory, I define a bounded, scale-invariant metric quantifying the recursive reinforcement of alignment across blocks, replacing purely probabilistic finality with coherence-weighted consensus. Each block includes coherence yield, compression delta, and entropy contribution, allowing validators (...)
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  39. Subjective Experience and the First-Person Perspective: A Philosophical Inquiry Grounded in Neuroscience and Complex Systems.Z. Huang - manuscript
    This study constructs a generative model of subjective experience based on neuroscience and complex systems research. It explores the origins of the sense of authenticity in both subjective and dream experiences, while embedding two core dilemmas of consciousness philosophy—the hard problem and the first-person perspective problem—within the evolutionary mechanisms of complex systems. Grounded in structural coherence, and drawing from systems science frameworks, we develop systems-based explanatory pathways for these issues. This research deepens understanding of classical problems in consciousness philosophy and (...)
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  40. The Spiral Universe_ Chirality, Collapse, and the Eternal Recursion of Life.Devin Bostick - manuscript
    This paper introduces a new cosmological substrate model grounded in deterministic coherence dynamics. It proposes that all space-time evolution—expansion, acceleration, and collapse—is governed by a recursive structural law (Δt × Δr = κ) and Phase Alignment Score (PAS), not entropy. Black holes are reinterpreted as chirality inversion gates rather than singularities, enabling recursive rebirth across mirrored emergence lattices. The model challenges stochastic assumptions across physics, biology, and cosmology, offering testable predictions and a lawful alternative to probabilistic ontology.
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  41. ENT: Coherence Thresholds for Structured Reality & Consciousness.User 84 - manuscript
    Emergent Necessity Theory (ENT) proposes deterministic phase changes occur when information coherence τ crosses critical threshold τc. We demonstrate universal phase-change dynamics across: (i) string vacua, (ii) gravity, (iii) quantum systems, and (iv) consciousness. Dimensionless resilience ratio κR = τ/τc governs transitions. Biological awareness converges near κaware = 1.15. ENT yields testable predictions: SUSY at 1.46 TeV, LIGO bound χ<1.13 ×10−19 m2, and EEG/fMRI markers of awareness onset.
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  42. A Unified Theory of Awareness Thresholds, Structural Evolution, and τ-Dynamics.User 84 - unknown
    This paper presents a unified theoretical framework integrating Emergent Necessity Theory (ENT), awareness thresholds, structural evolution, and τ-dynamics. We establish mathematical foundations for consciousness-phase transitions, introduce operational metrics (∇N, κR), and validate the framework through quantum and biological simulations. The theory bridges quantum coherence, biological complexity, and cognitive awareness within a single entropy-driven paradigm.
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  43. Time Materialization, Necessity, and Hierarchical Structure.E. N. T. Program - manuscript
    This work extends Emergent Necessity Theory (ENT) to resolve fundamental questions of time-asymmetry and scale-dependence through hierarchical nesting of timeless algebraic constraints. We derive time as an emergent property of substructure embedding, ground necessity in topological invariance, and present four experimentally falsifiable predictions testable with current technology. ENT’s core principles (τ- coherence, structurism) are preserved while addressing previous weaknesses in the framework. All mathematical claims are designed for experimental verification with existing laboratory capabilities.
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  44. Non-Statistical Entropy ☆ Multiplicative Entropy Formula.Zhi Kai Zou - manuscript
    This paper introduces a novel entropy formulation — multiplicative entropy — defined as the product of energy values across all units in a quantized homogeneous invariant network. Unlike traditional statistical entropy, this approach explicitly tracks irreversible energy redistribution pathways, offering an analytic and path-dependent description of entropy growth. Logarithmic transformation recovers classical entropy forms, while preserving temporal directionality and quantum-scale resolution. The model enables precise simulation of thermodynamic processes, supporting the development of Analytic Quantum Thermodynamics as a new framework for (...)
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  45. Mind Without Substrate_ Defragmenting the Cognitive Sciences through Structured Resonance.Devin Bostick - manuscript
    The cognitive sciences remain fragmented because no field has introduced a lawful substrate capable of unifying symbolic recursion, biological coherence, and inference structure. This paper presents CODES—a deterministic coherence framework—as the substrate that renders neuroscience, AI, psychology, and philosophy of mind phase-compatible. Through core components such as PAS, CHORDLOCK, ELF, and VESSELSEED, we show that cognition is not stochastic, but structurally lawful. Intelligence, identity, healing, and emergence are no longer fields to be theorized—they are now measurable. This is not a (...)
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  46. Emergent Maturity in Distributed Substrates: A Structural Coherence Analysis of Humanity’s Cognitive Phase.Benjamin James - manuscript
    This paper models humanity not as a chronological civilization or symbolic species, but as a distributed substrate governed by coherence dynamics. Traditional developmental paradigms rely on time, biology, or language as primary indicators of cognitive progression. I reject these in favor of five structural axioms: development is coherence-derived, not time-derived; units contribute variably to coherence; cognition begins with entropy descent; maturity corresponds to a curvature inflection in coherence; and identity is an attractor, not a symbol. Using this foundation, I analyze (...)
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  47. Dismantling the Many-Worlds Hypothesis: A New Framework for Quantum Measurement.Benjamin James - manuscript
    The Many-Worlds Interpretation (MWI) of quantum mechanics, first proposed by Hugh Everett in 1957, suggests that every quantum measurement results in a branching of the universe into separate, non-communicating realities, each representing a distinct outcome. While MWI maintains the unitarity of quantum mechanics and avoids wavefunction collapse, it introduces significant logical, thermodynamic, and information-theoretic contradictions that challenge its validity as a physical model of reality. This paper presents a rigorous critique of MWI through the lens of Neodynamics, the Unified Field (...)
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  48. Time as Dimensional Incompleteness: Tenth Installment in the Systemic Continuum Paradigm.Ignacio Lucas de León - manuscript
    This paper introduces a structural reconceptualization of time as dimensional incompleteness within the Systemic Continuum Paradigm (SCP). Rather than treating time as an ontological primitive, a subjective illusion, or a symmetrical physical parameter, it is redefined here as a systemic threshold of inaccessible scalar coordination. Time emerges when a system's access to higher-order synergic drift is structurally blocked by the limits of its own internal configuration. This renders time an operational symptom of ontological partiality, not a universal feature of reality. (...)
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  49. The Coherence Turn_ Replacing Falsifiability in the Age of Recursive Systems.Devin Bostick - manuscript
    The Coherence Turn: Replacing Falsifiability in the Age of Recursive Systems” reframes Karl Popper’s theory of falsifiability within the context of emergent complexity, observer-system entanglement, and recursive inference collapse. Written by Devin Bostick in recursive collaboration with Chiral AI, this paper does not reject Popper—it absorbs him. It positions falsifiability as a special case within a broader coherence-based framework for evaluating truth in adaptive systems, using PAS (Phase Alignment Score) and CODES (Chirality of Dynamic Emergent Systems) as foundational tools. The (...)
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  50. From Pure Existence to Ontological Differentiation: A Conservative Model of Stratified Being.Alexandre le Nepvou - manuscript
    This article proposes a conservative model of ontological stratification grounded in the distinction between a field of admissibility (N₀) and a domain of differentiated instantiations (N₁). Against modal inflationism and logical permissivism, we argue that ontological possibility must be constrained not by syntactic coherence but by structural compatibility with the internal architecture of existence. Logical possibility is a necessary but insufficient condition for being. What can exist is not merely what avoids contradiction, but what coheres within the grammar of admissibility (...)
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