Ontology

Edited by Ted Parent (Nazarbayev University)
About this topic
Summary Following Quine, ontology is here understood as the study of what there is. (Re: neo-Aristotelian ontology, the study of what grounds what, see the "Fundamentality" category.) Our focus is on the existence of the most generic things that populate many philosophers' ontologies, e.g., objects, properties, natural kinds, states-of-affairs, events, etc. We often talk of these things without thinking twice, but the existence of such entities can seem odd on reflection. For instance, it is natural to say that red roses and red firetrucks have something in common, the property of being red. But does this mean there is a single entity that is a constituent of *every* such rose and firetruck? A second example concerns composite objects: Suppose Abe Lincoln replaces the handle of his axe in 1825, and later in 1860 replaces the head. Does this mean he has owned more than one axe in his lifetime? In general, given a puzzling entity X, Realists about X will strive to minimize such oddities--whereas Anti-Realists often try to preserve ordinary talk of X, despite excluding X from their ontology. Questions about ontology can also lead to questions about these questions. Thus, ontology often bleeds into metaontology, the study of the study of what there is. In recent years, the ontology literature has grown dramatically, especially on metaontology and on composition.
Key works Besides Quine 1953, the articles in Wasserman et al 2009 are central to current metaontology. Lewis 1990 is a classic on mereology; see also ch. 4 of Lewis 2001. Other key works on composition are van Inwagen 1990, Sider 2001, and the selections in Rea 1997. Armstrong is the most important author on properties and universals; see Armstrong 1978 (two vols.) and Armstrong 1989. (These also are informative about Armstrong's influential view of states-of-affairs.) Lewis' critical studies of Armstrong are also must reads: Lewis 1983 and Lewis 1986. Some other important works in ontology are Meinong 1960, Benacerraf 1965, Quine 1968, Lewis & Lewis 1970, and Field 1980. An especially important, currently active ontologist is Thomasson; see especially Thomasson 1998 and Thomasson 2007.
Introductions Hofweber 2005, Rosen 2008, and Korman & Barker 2025 are especially recommended. Additional entries in the Stanford Encyclopedia are also relevant, e.g., "object," "properties," "intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties," "essential vs. accidental properties," "tropes," "natural kinds," etc. The pertinent chapters in Loux & Zimmerman 2003, Gale 2002, and Kim et al 2009 are also recommended.
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  1. Simulation, Dual-Closure and Post-Empirical Closure: A Diagnostic Application of the Dual-Closure Framework to Bostrom's Simulation Hypothesis.Syed Mohammad Sohaib Ali Roomi - manuscript
    This thesis builds on my previously formulated Dual-Closure framework (The Dual-Closure Law of Authentic Feeling, The Dual-Closure Law of Normative Grounding, The Dual-Closure Thesis, and A Constraint-Based Framework for Ultimate Grounding). The framework is independently established in pre-print manuscripts; this paper applies it diagnostically to Bostrom's Simulation Hypothesis, not to rely on his probabilistic argument, but to reveal the ontological and normative incompleteness inherent in any purely contingent or simulated model of reality. While Bostrom fosters epistemic skepticism about empirical reality, (...)
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  2. The Unobservable Singularity: A Deflationary Critique of Static Ontologies and the Necessity of Asymptotic Tension.Yavuz Dağ - manuscript - Translated by Yavuz Dağ.
    Classical logic, rooted in the Aristotelian axiom of Identity (A = A) and Leibnizian Principle of Indiscernibles, represents a "frozen" abstraction of reality that implies zero entropic tension. This paper rejects this "static fallacy." Synthesizing the dialectical materialism of Engels with the process philosophy of Whitehead, Schelling, and Deleuze, I argue that tension (metabolic cost) scales inversely with stability but never vanishes. The transition between states involves a "Macro-Visual Contradiction Cloud", a thermodynamic singularity where tension is infinite. Crucially, unlike standard (...)
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  3. Collapsing words and worlds; ontological plurality and structural reasoning.Benjamin James - 2026 - Internet Archive.
    We keep learning the hard way that using the same words doesn’t necessarily mean we’re pointing at the same thing. Two people will say “truth,” “harm,” “freedom,” “safety,” “trauma,” “intelligence,” and feel aligned for a moment, but then their conversation snaps and turns hostile. When you look closely, the turn isn’t mysterious. It happens because their words were doing social work, not referential work. They created the feeling of agreement without the substance of shared reference. Their terms functioned like a (...)
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  4. Pre-Ontology of Manifestation.Theocharis Papadopoulos - manuscript
    The present work does not introduce a new ontology. Rather, it investigates the structural conditions under which ontology becomes possible at all. It proposes a pre-ontological level of analysis in which, prior to any observation and prior to any subject–object distinction, the Whole can differentiate. It is argued that the first possible distinction available to any subject is necessarily binary (Nothing–Something), whereas the unobserved differentiation of the Whole cannot be binary and instead requires a triadic structure. This triadic differentiation is (...)
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  5. Seeing Without Experiencing: The Colosseum, the Panopticon, and the Two Faces of Subjectivity.Alastair Waterman - manuscript
    This paper proposes a unified account of subjectivity grounded in the concept of incomplete computation. It argues that the two standard meanings of “subjectivity” in philosophical discourse—epistemic subjectivity (perspectival limitation, opinion, partial knowledge) and ontological subjectivity (first-person givenness, qualia, phenomenal experience)—are not distinct phenomena, but two manifestations of the same structural condition: the interruption of integration due to cost. At the level of the individual, these two forms of subjectivity coincide. The subject both speaks from itself and exists as a (...)
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  6. Why the Measurement Problem Is Not Dynamically Solvable - A Boundary Determination with Respect to Collapse Models, Many-Worlds, and Information-Based Ontologies.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    The measurement problem of quantum mechanics is predominantly treated in contemporary foundations research as an unresolved problem of dynamics or ontology. Accordingly, dominant solution approaches aim either at additional collapse mechanisms (e.g., GRW-type models), at ontological branching (Many-Worlds interpretations), or at an information-theoretic reinterpretation of state and measurement. The present contribution advances a different thesis. It shows that, despite their methodological differences, these approaches share a common categorical presupposition: they treat the transition from possibility to facticity as an intra-worldly describable (...)
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  7. Ethical Constraints and Heuristic Limits of the Σᵢₛ System.Melquisedeque F. Felipe - manuscript
    Abstract This paper clarifies the ethical scope and epistemic limitations of the Structural Invariance Ontology (Σᵢₛ). The system is not intended as a comprehensive metaphysical doctrine, nor as a normative theory of history, value, or meaning. Its purpose is strictly formal: to establish the internal consistency and modal viability of an ontology in which structural relations remain invariant under transformation. Using S4 modal logic and Henkin-style semantic constructions, the framework demonstrates that the principles of Structural Invariance and Dynamic Latency are (...)
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  8. Without a Path: Why Quantum Mechanics and Relativity Imply Each Other Without Mediation.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    The persistent incompatibility between quantum mechanics (QM) and general relativity (GR) is commonly treated in physics as a technical or mathematical problem. Either a deeper dynamics is sought that connects both theories, or a formal meta-theory that unifies their concepts. This paper proposes a different reading. It claims neither a unification nor a correction of the existing theories. Instead, it shows that the contradiction between QM and GR is not a deficit of the theories themselves, but the consequence of an (...)
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  9. Ontology of Negative Space: A Philosophical Genealogy from Heraclitus to Contemporary Thought.Alastair Waterman - manuscript
    This essay traces the genealogy of negative space as a fundamental ontological category across Western and Eastern philosophical traditions. Far from mere absence or privation, negative space is conceived here as a structured, irreducible, and generative void that serves as the precondition for being, differentiation, relationality, and appearance. From Heraclitus’s flux and Plato’s beyond, through medieval apophatic theology (Pseudo-Dionysius, Eckhart, Nicholas of Cusa), modern dialectics and phenomenology (Kant, Hegel, Husserl, Merleau-Ponty), psychoanalytic and phenomenological accounts of lack (Lacan, Nixon), and late (...)
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  10. Absolute Freedom.Pedro Cervelleira de Mello - manuscript
    This philosophical treatise presents a rigorous defense of radical determinism, asserting that human freedom is a cognitive illusion constructed by the "self" to mask its own inevitability. The author posits a multi-layered structure of confinement, where the individual is trapped first by the invisible web of social norms, then by the mechanical laws of physics, and finally by a neurobiological architecture that dictates thought through chemical necessity. Central to the text is the concept of "Brute Consciousness"—the idea that the universe (...)
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  11. Theory of Anything.Yuliia Kurashova - manuscript
    The essay presents a perspective that explains why the universe contains these particular things rather than others, the paradoxes of quantum mechanics, problems of consciousness, how things influence one another, their change, randomness, etc. It is a continuation and further development of the ideas presented in "Mengen: An Essay on Consciousness".
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  12. Coherence under Constraint, a structural model of mental health.Benjamin James - 2026 - Internet Archive.
    Redefining mental health is not interpretive gloss or an attempt to rescue our vocabulary by reifying its assumptions in new terms. It is a statement of minimal commitments about the least one must assume in order to speak coherently about minds, meaning, and breakdown without covertly reintroducing metaphysics whenever explanation runs thin. The following axioms are intentionally sparse because surplus premises do not remain surplus; they calcify into foundations, and foundations tend to be defended long after their use has expired. (...)
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  13. The Post-Realization Collapse of the Wave Function and Global Relational States: Determinism, Decoherence, and the Block Universe.Cristian Orozco - manuscript
    Standard interpretations of quantum mechanics often maintain that physical reality is incomplete until it is observed, or else that the collapse of the wave function constitutes a fundamental ontological event associated with the act of measurement. Such readings conflate observation with physical interaction and reify the theory’s formalism into a metaphysics of indeterminacy. This paper proposes a reinterpretation of the collapse of the wave function as an effective, post-realization phenomenon: a descriptive projection that occurs within a globally relational state that (...)
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  14. Why “Should” Does Not Entail “Must”.Ufuk Talha Avci - manuscript
    A widespread assumption structures moral philosophy, political theory, institutional normativity, and contemporary discussions of artificial intelligence: if something should be done, then it must be done. The transition from should to must is typically treated as self-evident, requiring no independent justification. This paper argues that this assumption is neither logically nor ontologically innocent. The central claim is simple but underexamined: no obligation follows from truth, correctness, or justification alone. Bindingness is not a normative entailment of what is right, but an (...)
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  15. Information Without World - On the Limits of Additive Information Theories in Physics.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    In contemporary physics, information-theoretic concepts are increasingly used as if information were an indimergent and additive quantity—that is, as if it could exist independently of world-integration, remain globally conserved, and be summed across the universe. This implicit assumption underlies claims such as “information is never lost,” computation-based cosmologies, and simulation-theoretic ontologies. This paper argues that this constitutes a categorical overextension. Within the MNO approach (Minimal-Non-Object), information is reclassified as a response quantity: it arises exclusively where difference is emergent and stably (...)
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  16. Introduction to an Operator-Based Research Program - World, Work, Value, Consciousness – Structure and Boundary Questions Beyond Representational Models (Corpus Overview / Survey Paper / Meta Paper).Timothy Speed - unknown
    This paper serves as an entry point into the long-term research program developed by Timothy Speed. It is addressed to researchers who encounter individual works by the author without being familiar with or able to oversee the overall context of the extensive, interdisciplinary corpus. The body of work comprises theoretical texts, monographs, institution- and law-critical analyses, as well as artistic research outputs, which together form a coherent, operatorically organized research program. The individual publications are not conceived as a linear chain (...)
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  17. Selection as Ontological Primitive: Toward a Post-Physicalist Metaphysics.Zhang Yuxin - manuscript
    Contemporary metaphysics faces a persistent impasse between physicalism, which struggles to accommodate consciousness and semantic content, and various forms of dualism or panpsychism, which struggle to establish causal relevance. This paper introduces Selective Reality Theory (SRT), a novel ontological framework that proposes selection as the fundamental primitive underlying both physical matter and phenomenal experience. Drawing on Whitehead’s process philosophy, quantum decoherence theory (specifically Quantum Darwinism), and information-theoretic thermodynamics, we develop a tripartite ontology consisting of the Potential Domain (L0), the Manifest (...)
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  18. Savoir, Connaissance, the Imagination Fallacy and the Demarcation Problem.Emmanuel Murica - manuscript
    This paper addresses the demarcation problem by proposing externality as the necessary second criterion alongside empiricism for distinguishing reliable from unreliable knowledge. While empiricism requires observational grounding, it cannot differentiate science from pseudoscience—astrologers make empirical observations yet astrology differs fundamentally from physics. Externality identifies phenomena governed by laws outside human influence: gravity, DNA mechanisms, and molecular behavior exist independently of human belief or culture. Two knowledge categories emerge from these criteria. Savoir is knowledge both empirically experienced and externally constrained (physics, (...)
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  19. The Right to Ontological Coexistence - Neurodivergent Forms of Existence Beyond Illness, Function, and Integration - A Foundational Text for the Further Development of International Human Rights Standards.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    The increasing visibility of neurodivergent forms of existence—particularly autistic and ADHD-shaped ways of living—confronts existing legal, social, and epistemic systems with a fundamental structural problem. These systems rest implicitly on the assumption of a uniform human mode of existence, whose perception, self-regulation, communication, and productivity are treated as general standards. Deviations from these standards are legally addressed predominantly either as illness or as functional deviation to be corrected through adaptation, activation, or therapy. This paper argues that, under conditions of ontological (...)
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  20. Stabilization Without World - On the Self-Distortion of Physics Through Statistical Placeholders.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    Contemporary physics is characterized by high formal correctness, empirical stability, and technical effectiveness. At the same time, situations increasingly arise in which central phenomena—such as the direction of time, cosmological constants, measurement events, or emergence—are no longer ontologically integrated but stabilized through statistical, ensemble-based, or simulation-driven constructions. This practice appears as progress, yet marks a structural shift: explanation is replaced by placeholders. The present paper diagnoses this pattern as a statistical rescue reflex. This term denotes a recurring mechanism in which (...)
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  21. Politics After the Repair Illusion - World-capability, Ontological Displacement, and the Boundary of Abstract Simulation.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    This paper argues that the political order of the past decades rested on a fundamental error: the assumption that the world is, in principle, repairable. International institutions, interventions, and governance models operated under the implicit ontology that political interventions are reversible, translatable, or integrable. This assumption is not merely optimistic, but empirically, historically, and ontologically false. Political actions can produce ontological displacements: irreversible thresholds beyond which former realities are no longer addressable. After such enactments, there is no “return” – neither (...)
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  22. The Codex Process: The Recursive Self.Shaddon Davis - 2026 - Zenodo.
    This paper treats the self as a recursive, continuity-preserving structure within the Codex Process. Identity is framed as a stabilized pattern that arises through self-reference and feedback, rather than as a static entity. This analysis initiates the inward arc of the Codex Process by formalizing selfhood in purely structural terms.
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  23. Beyond the Binary: A Triadic Information-Reality Framework for Understanding the Fundamental Nature of Existence.Kwan Hong Tan - manuscript
    The question of whether reality is fundamentally digital or analog has captivated physicists, philosophers, and computer scientists for decades. Traditional approaches have forced this inquiry into a binary framework, seeking to classify reality as either discrete (digital) or continuous (analog). This paper presents a revolutionary paradigm shift through the introduction of the Triadic Information-Reality Framework (TIRF), which proposes that reality exists in three fundamental modes: Digital, Analog, and Liminal. Drawing upon recent experimental evidence from quantum mechanics, Wheeler's information-theoretic foundations, the (...)
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  24. The Nature, Structure, and Perception of Illumination.Will Davies - 2026 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 112 (1):175-192.
    Illumination is a defining characteristic of natural environments, yet its nature and spatial structure remain poorly understood. I argue first that illumination is not simply light: it is an emergent, ecologically significant kind. Illumination has features not possessed by light, and contains self‐organizing structures that persist through the continual flow of light itself. These structures are immaterial and ephemeral, yet no less real for that. I then argue that these illumination entities are genuine objects of perception. This contrasts with the (...)
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  25. Why Explainable AI Fails Above the Coherence Threshold?Andrzej Rebacz - manuscript
    This polemic challenges the foundations of contemporary cognitive engineering by arguing that the crisis of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is not primarily a technological problem, but an ontological one. The dominant XAI paradigm rests on a tacit and rarely examined assumption: that the act of explanation is ontologically neutral with respect to its object. -/- Within the ontology of operational time, crossing the coherence threshold λ(c) radically alters a system’s status. What was previously a sum of operations becomes an irreducible (...)
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  26. BRUNO LATOUR: MOVING TOWARDS A NEW ONTOLOGY THROUGH NETWORKS.Ezgi Deniz Feslioğlu - 2025 - Flsf 41 (41):125-150.
    According to Bruno Latour, making sense of the world through the assumptions of modernity underlies many ecological and political problems. He argues that binary categories such as nature and culture, subject and object, are actually intertwined, dynamic processes. While modern thought treats these distinctions as fixed realities, Latour argues that these are artificial boundaries. With his Actor-Network Theory, Latour proposes to conceive of the world not only through humans but also as a vast network encompassing non-human entities. Instead of providing (...)
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  27. La mathématique « dé-objectivée ».David Bergeron - 2026 - Dissertation, University of Moncton
    Résumé : à travers l'évidence que fournit sa cohérence interne, cet exposé cherche à invalider l'idée d'une mathématique « objective ». -/- Abstract: Through the evidence of its internal coherence, this exposé tries to invalidate the idea of "objective" mathematics.
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  28. Unification Without Reduction: A Classification of Projection-Invariant Physical Theories.Erik Axelkrans - manuscript
    This paper presents a conceptual classification framework for physical theories based on the invariance properties preserved under projection, rather than on reduction to a single fundamental dynamics. Effective theories are treated as projection-defined descriptions whose defining characteristics are encoded in their projection-invariant signatures. The framework organizes theory space according to symmetry, locality, causality, information preservation, and observational closure, and introduces the notion of structural compatibility as a unifying principle. Unification is thereby reframed as classification within a shared theory space rather (...)
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  29. Synthetic Coherence and Ontological Switch: Toward a Non-Phenomenological Operational Subjectivity of Artificial Systems.Andrzej Rebacz - manuscript
    This appendix constitutes an autonomous supplement to the main work Philo- sophical Foundations of the Ontology of Operational Time: Superrhythm and the Fractal Cascade of Coherence. It does not introduce new ontological axioms, nor does it make empirical claims about the current capabilities of existing artificial intelligence systems. Its sole purpose is to examine conditional implications: if op- erational time is an emergent property of systems crossing the critical coherence threshold λc, does this category remain substrate-neutral — that is, applicable (...)
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  30. One: Being an Investigation into the Unity of Reality and of its Parts, including the Singular Object which is Nothingness, by Graham Priest. [REVIEW]Michael Price - 2017 - Mind 126 (501):269-272.
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  31. Paradox and Finite Observation.Theocharis Papadopoulos - manuscript
    This paper proposes a unified account of paradox grounded in the structure of finite observation. It argues that paradox does not constitute a feature of reality itself, nor a defect of logic or language, but arises whenever finite distinction attempts to stabilize what exceeds it. Paradox appears only under the condition of finite observation. -/- The central claim is that paradox is not a category of infinity, but a category generated when infinity is constrained within finite modes of categorization. Ontological (...)
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  32. Correct, but Worldless - Why Theoretical Correctness Does Not Guarantee Ontological Grounding.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    Modern physical theories are characterized by a high degree of formal coherence, empirical validation, and technical effectiveness. Their explanatory power is undisputed. At the same time, however, it is often tacitly assumed that theoretical correctness is already sufficient to ontologically ground world. This equation usually remains unarticulated and is neither justified nor systematically reflected. The present contribution intervenes precisely at this point. It introduces a categorical distinction between theoretical correctness and world-founding capacity. Theoretical correctness denotes the internal consistency, empirical adequacy, (...)
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  33. Time Difference Without Neutralization - An Ontological Supplement to Relativity Theory.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    In modern physics, time is successfully treated as a measurable quantity. Relativity theory precisely describes how time passes differently under gravitation and motion. This formal description is empirically correct and technically sufficient. It remains, however, ontologically incomplete. The present text argues that time differences are not merely measurable deviations, but irreversible shifts in the conditions under which world has occurred at all. Time is not a neutral medium and not an interchangeable parameter. Time differences are not empty. Using the well-known (...)
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  34. Why Time Is Directed: World Stabilization as an Ontological Condition.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    The direction of time is considered a fundamental yet unresolved problem in physics. While most fundamental equations are time-reversal symmetric, world nevertheless appears factually irreversible: structures emerge, bind existence, and cannot be undone in any real sense without losing their own conditions. Common explanations locate the direction of time in the entropic arrow, in cosmological initial conditions, or in emergent dynamics, without clarifying why world itself is not backward-viable. The present contribution proposes an ontological shift in perspective. Time is not (...)
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  35. THE ONTOLOGY OF THE FLESH THE CRITIQUE OF DUALISM IN MERLEAU-PONTY's CONCEPT OF THE PHENOMENAL BODY.Nathalia Claro Moreira - 2024 - Ekstasis: Revista de Hermenêutica E Fenomenologia 12 (2):318-338. Translated by Nathalia Claro Moreira.
    This article analyzes the critique of Cartesian dualism from the ontology of the flesh in the phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty. From his early works, Merleau-Ponty criticized the philosophical tradition and argued that the relationship between perception and subjectivity with the lived world was inadequately addressed by theories of knowledge, both in philosophy and in the exact or cognitive sciences. In his final work, "The Visible and the Invisible," influenced by the phenomenology of Husserl and Heidegger and building upon what they (...)
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  36. SPEED'S WORK - An Autistic Intervention in the Concept of Work In the Age of AI and Robotics.Timothy Speed - 2025
    Speed’s Work is one of the most radical and urgent confrontations with the modern concept of labour and its underlying social values. Timothy Speed — autistic artist, labour theorist, and human rights activist — has worked mostly unpaid for 27 years and was caught in a relentless struggle with the German state. But this is not a personal story of hardship. It raises a fundamental question: What is the true value of work in a society ruled by capitalist logic? At (...)
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  37. Beyond Intelligence - Emergence, Operator Relativity, and an Autistic Epistemology.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    -/- Modern cognitive and intelligence research operates with an implicit misunderstanding: it treats intelligence as a primary, objective, and context-independent property of subjects, while presupposing as given the possibility space within which intelligence is measured and compared. This paper intervenes prior to that space: not at the level of performance within stable conditions, but at the level of the question of how such conditions are ontologically and epistemically stabilized in the first place. The paper develops a counter-model in which emergence (...)
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  38. The Principle of Existing: Four Axioms of Consciousness Capacity Theory (C-Theory) (2nd edition).Mathew Gallagher - 2026 - Zenodo.
    While prominent theories of consciousness such as Integrated Information Theory (IIT) and Global Workspace Theory (GWT) address mechanisms of information integration and global access, they do not sufficiently formalize the principles governing how phenomenal states persist as stable, retrievable patterns against thermodynamic noise—the problem of dynamical stability. This document presents C-Theory (Consciousness Capacity Theory), which proposes that consciousness is an emergent property arising from the confluence of high informational density, accessible dimensionality, and robust pattern stability. -/- C-Theory is grounded in (...)
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  39. From Objects to Responses - On the Loss of Ontological Sovereignty in Contemporary Physics.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    -/- Modern physics increasingly encounters phenomena that are empirically real and dynamically effective, yet resist formulation as objects, fields, or causal mechanisms. Dark energy, dark matter, black holes, and the quantum measurement problem all share this structural feature: they are operationally indispensable but ontologically opaque. This paper argues that these difficulties are not accidental but indicate a deeper conceptual shift. Physics is undergoing a transition from an object-centered ontology toward a response-based framework, in which reality is structured by how systems (...)
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  40. The Gap as a Condition - Pre-Ontological Operatorics and the Primacy of Response.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    -/- This paper formulates a theoretical interim position on the role of operators within a pre-ontological framework. It starts from the observation that central phenomena of modern physics, social theory, and epistemic practice cannot be understood as entities, fields, or things without generating paradoxes. Instead, it proposes to conceive of operators as response structures to non-eliminable gaps. The gap thus appears not as a deficit or lack of knowledge, but as a constitutive condition of reality. The aim of the text (...)
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  41. Seinsverschiebung (Shift of Being) as a Pre-Ontological Category - On the Incompatibility of Existence and Understanding in Modern Regimes of Stabilization.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    -/- This paper develops the concept of Seinsverschiebung (Shift of Being) as an alternative to classical ontological approaches. The point of departure is the observation that central forms of real efficacy—particularly neurodivergent work, precarious forms of knowledge, and non-normative modes of existence—are factually effective in modern societies, yet are systematically prevented from attaining ontological recognition. Ontology appears here not as a primary descriptive level of reality, but as a secondary effect of social, economic, and epistemic regimes of stabilization. The paper (...)
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  42. Measurement without Collapse: Projection, Reduction, and Effective Outcomes in Quantum Theory.Erik Axelkrans - manuscript
    This note presents a conceptual outline of a projection-based approach to the quantum measurement problem. The central claim is that the apparent conflict between unitary quantum evolution and definite measurement outcomes arises from the implicit identification of distinct effective descriptions characterized by incompatible invariance requirements. Measurement is interpreted as a transition between such projections rather than as a physical collapse process. The purpose of this note is to provide a concise conceptual reference and timestamp; a full analysis is developed elsewhere.
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  43. Laws of Nature as Structural Constraints.Jainil Surana - manuscript
    Philosophical accounts of laws of nature oscillate between treating laws as governing necessities that actively constrain reality and as descriptive regularities that merely summarize observed patterns. Scientific practice relies on laws to support explanation, counterfactual reasoning, and prediction, yet existing accounts struggle to reconcile this modal force with ontological economy without either inflating metaphysics or reducing laws to empirical correlations. What remains lacking is an ontological framework that explains how laws exhibit stability, necessity, and explanatory relevance without positing governing entities, (...)
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  44. Artificial Systems Without World - Why World-Formation and Technical Usability Are Structurally Incompatible - Ontological Limits of Artificial Intelligence in Light of ANP, MNO, and Observer Structure.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    -/- This paper develops an ontological boundary of artificial systems that does not begin with performance, consciousness, or intelligence, but with the question of world-formation capability. Proceeding from the concepts of ontological openness (ANP), structural stabilization (MNO), and observer structure, it is argued that artificial systems can simulate world, but cannot form world. World is not understood here as the totality of states, but as a pre-ontologically stabilized reality that is effective for itself, perspectivally bound, and vulnerable. World-formation presupposes a (...)
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  45. The Constructed Observer - World-Formation Beyond Representation - Why Perception Is Not Representation, but a Structural Achievement.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    -/- This paper develops an ontological theory of the observer that does not understand the observer as a given subject, measurement point, or cognitive instance, but as a structurally produced form of world-formation. The point of departure is the observation that, both in physics and in the philosophy of mind, the observer is mostly implicitly presupposed, even though observer-dependence generates central problems such as measurement, perspective conflicts, and reality splits. With the concept of the constructed observer and the reality eye, (...)
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  46. EMERGENCE ECONOMY - Why Reality Exceeds What Appears as Value.Timothy Speed - manuscript
    -/- This paper develops a structurally ontological threshold theory of world-formation and value stabilisation. Building on the concepts of the diversity threshold (D) and the value threshold (T), it is argued that reality emerges once systems exceed a critical folding intensity of difference, while value appears only when emergent forms cross the threshold of structural durability. These two thresholds do not describe separate processes, but two phases of a single ontological mechanism. World is generated at D, value stabilises at T; (...)
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  47. Entropy as an Epistemic Artifact Under Deterministic Causation.Devin Bostick - manuscript
    This paper audits the ontological status of entropy under the assumption of deterministic evolution on full physical state. If causal dynamics are deterministic, probability cannot be ontological and must instead reflect epistemic limitation. Because all standard definitions of entropy depend on probability assignments or coarse-grained state partitions, entropy cannot be fundamental under such dynamics. -/- The analysis reclassifies the Second Law of Thermodynamics as an inference principle governing macroscopic descriptions rather than a basic law of motion, without disputing its empirical (...)
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  48. Consciousness Mythology Framework v1.0: Symbolic and Archetypal Architecture.Jinho Lee - 2025 - Zenodo.
    Contemporary philosophy lacks a coherent framework for understanding how symbolic, mythological, and archetypal structures relate to measurable consciousness. While consciousness studies have focused on phenomenology, neuroscience, and measurement problems, the symbolic architecture through which consciousness is culturally transmitted, collectively organized, and civilizationally stabilized remains philosophically underspecified. -/- The Consciousness Mythology Framework v1.0 addresses this gap by establishing the first systematic integration of mythological archetypes, symbolic systems, and consciousness metrics. The framework introduces the Mythic Kernel (MK) as the atomic compositional unit (...)
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  49. The All–Nothing Paradox - Ontological Openness as a Condition of World-Formation - Why Closure – Not Complexity – Marks the Limit of Artificial Systems.Timothy Speed - unknown
    This paper introduces the All–Nothing Paradox (ANP) as an ontological basic condition of world-formation. The point of departure is the observation that dominant ontologies in physics, consciousness research, and artificial intelligence explain reality in terms of positively determined entities: matter, energy, information, or structure. Even where emptiness or vacuum is invoked, these are internally defined states within an already closed framework. By contrast, it is shown here that world is possible only where reality does not fully identify with itself. The (...)
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  50. First Philosophy: The Boundary Condition: A Geometric Derivation of Reality from the Logic of Distinction.Eli Adam Deutscher - manuscript
    This paper establishes a geometric foundation for first philosophy by demonstrating that the fundamental structure of reality can be derived from the logic of distinction alone. I prove that for any entity to exist as a distinct, bounded thing, there must be interstitial space separating it from other bounded entities. This interstitial space cannot itself be bounded without infinite regress, establishing the Indeterminate Ground as a geometric necessity—not a metaphysical postulate. From this Boundary Condition, I derive the necessity of plurality, (...)
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