Money

Ranked: Countries With the Highest Debt-to-GDP Ratios

Published

September 8, 2026 5:05 am

Three ranked columns showing government, household, and corporate debt as a share of GDP for the top economies, with Japan, Switzerland, and Luxembourg leading each column.

Ranked: Countries With the Highest Debt-to-GDP Ratios

Key Takeaways

Luxembourg has the highest combined debt load in the dataset at 446.4% of GDP, followed by Hong Kong at 406.5% and Japan at 369.5%.
Japan leads government debt at 194.5% of GDP, Switzerland leads household debt at 123.0%, and Luxembourg leads corporate debt at 358.8%.
Canada stands out for its balance across all three categories, with government, household, and corporate debt each exceeding 100% of GDP.

Debt can sit on very different parts of an economy’s balance sheet. In Japan, the largest burden sits with the government. In Switzerland, households stand out. And in Luxembourg, corporate borrowing towers over the size of the economy.

This graphic ranks debt across those three sectors using Q4 2025 credit-to-GDP data from the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), covering 43 major economies. The figures measure credit to the non-financial sector as a share of GDP and exclude financial corporations, so bank borrowing is not counted.

Which Countries Carry the Most Debt?

Luxembourg has the highest combined debt-to-GDP ratio in the dataset at 446.4%, followed by Hong Kong at 406.5% and Japan at 369.5%. But those totals reflect very different sources of debt across each economy.

The table below shows government, household, and corporate debt as a share of GDP for all 43 economies, ranked by their combined total:

Rank	Country	Debt as a Share of GDP, Q4 2025 (%)
Rank	Country	Government	Household	Corporate	Total
1	🇱🇺 Luxembourg	26.4	61.2	358.8	446.4
2	🇭🇰 Hong Kong	78.0	87.8	240.7	406.5
3	🇯🇵 Japan	194.5	61.1	113.9	369.5
4	🇸🇬 Singapore	166.2	44.0	127.2	337.4
5	🇫🇷 France	116.0	59.7	155.8	331.5
6	🇨🇦 Canada	100.2	100.6	118.3	319.1
7	🇳🇱 Netherlands	44.4	93.8	166.3	304.5
8	🇨🇳 China	99.3	58.0	142.8	300.1
9	🇧🇪 Belgium	107.9	56.8	117.9	282.6
10	🇳🇴 Norway	54.2	87.3	135.4	276.9
11	🇨🇭 Switzerland	24.7	123.0	128.9	276.6
12	🇫🇮 Finland	88.5	62.9	114.5	265.9
13	🇸🇪 Sweden	34.6	82.1	146.8	263.5
14	🇺🇸 United States	116.4	68.1	72.2	256.7
15	🇩🇰 Denmark	27.9	84.1	140.8	252.8
16	🇰🇷 South Korea*	45.7	88.6	110.4	244.7
17	🇬🇷 Greece	146.5	38.1	59.3	243.9
18	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	102.2	73.6	59.0	234.8
19	🇮🇹 Italy	137.1	35.8	58.5	231.4
20	🇦🇺 Australia	52.1	114.0	62.1	228.2
21	🇲🇾 Malaysia	65.2	69.8	88.6	223.6
22	🇪🇸 Spain	100.7	42.8	76.5	220.0
23	🇵🇹 Portugal	89.7	53.9	74.2	217.8
24	🇹🇭 Thailand	59.1	87.5	68.5	215.1
25	🇳🇿 New Zealand	53.3	91.1	70.1	214.5
26	🇦🇹 Austria	81.5	41.6	83.9	207.0
27	🇩🇪 Germany	63.4	48.9	87.8	200.1
28	🇧🇷 Brazil	93.3	37.6	55.5	186.4
29	🇮🇳 India	83.9	47.8	54.5	186.2
30	🇮🇱 Israel	67.9	42.8	73.1	183.8
31	🇨🇱 Chile	41.6	43.8	86.8	172.2
32	🇭🇺 Hungary	74.7	18.3	72.5	165.5
33	🇮🇪 Ireland	32.8	23.8	92.4	149.0
34	🇿🇦 South Africa	79.0	33.5	33.2	145.7
35	🇨🇿 Czechia	44.2	31.4	53.8	129.4
36	🇷🇺 Russia	18.7	21.4	84.7	124.8
37	🇨🇴 Colombia	65.3	25.5	28.9	119.7
38	🇵🇱 Poland	59.8	22.1	34.7	116.6
39	🇦🇷 Argentina	80.7	5.7	23.2	109.6
40	🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia	31.7	31.7	45.9	109.3
41	🇲🇽 Mexico	49.2	17.4	21.3	87.9
42	🇮🇩 Indonesia	40.5	15.5	25.1	81.1
43	🇹🇷 Türkiye	23.9	10.1	38.9	72.9

Government debt is concentrated in Southern Europe and East Asia, with Greece (146.5%), Italy (137.1%), France (116.0%), Spain (100.7%), and Portugal (89.7%) all in the top 15 alongside Japan and Singapore (166.2%).

Singapore’s second-place government figure is not what it looks like. By law, the proceeds of Singapore Government Securities cannot be spent on the budget. Most are issued to the national pension fund and invested, leaving the state with more assets than debt and a AAA credit rating.

Household debt is concentrated among wealthy economies with expensive housing and deep mortgage markets, led by Switzerland, Australia (114.0%), Canada (100.6%), the Netherlands (93.8%), and New Zealand (91.1%).

Corporate debt is especially high in Northern Europe and economies that host multinational financing structures. Luxembourg, Hong Kong, and Singapore (127.2%) all rank among the leaders.

Only three economies rank in the top 10 of more than one column: Canada, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Canada’s government (100.2%), households (100.6%), and companies (118.3%) each owe roughly a year of GDP, which is why the country ranks sixth on combined debt without leading any single category.

Why Small Financial Hubs Rank High in Corporate Debt

The corporate column is the one to read with care. Luxembourg (358.8%), Hong Kong (240.7%), and the Netherlands (166.3%) top it, followed by France (155.8%) and Sweden (146.8%).

Luxembourg, Hong Kong, and the Netherlands are major locations for multinational holding companies and corporate treasury operations. Intragroup loans booked through these entities can therefore produce very large corporate debt figures relative to the host economy’s GDP. That makes these ratios partly a reflection of where multinational financing is structured, rather than simply the debt burden of locally operating companies.

Ireland (92.4%) has similar dynamics, which helps explain why it ranks 16th for corporate debt while sitting near the bottom for government debt (32.8%) and household debt (23.8%).

China’s 142.8% corporate debt reflects borrowing by state-owned enterprises and property developers, a load that has grown alongside the country’s expanding bond market. In sixth place, China is the only large emerging economy in the corporate top 10.

Where Households Carry the Most Debt

Switzerland’s position at the top of the household ranking is particularly notable because the country has one of Europe’s lowest homeownership rates.

For decades, Swiss tax law taxed homeowners on the imputed rental value of their homes while allowing them to deduct mortgage interest, which rewarded keeping a mortgage rather than paying it down. Voters abolished that system in September 2025, with the change taking effect no earlier than 2028.

Canada has the most indebted households in the G7 at 100.6%, well ahead of the UK (73.6%) and the U.S. (68.1%). The American figure is notable for how far it has fallen: U.S. households owed 98.4% of GDP at the end of 2007, and the country now ranks 14th for household debt while placing fifth for government debt at 116.4%.

Looking across all three categories shows why headline debt figures can be misleading. Japan’s debt is concentrated on the government balance sheet, Switzerland’s is unusually household-heavy, while Luxembourg’s enormous ratio is driven primarily by corporations. The same overall measure can therefore reflect very different economic structures and risks.

Learn More on the Voronoi App

If you enjoyed today’s post, check out Ranked: Countries With the Most Government Debt in 2026 on Voronoi.

Related Topics:china canada debt japan united states switzerland household debt government debt corporate debt global economy featured luxembourg

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Ranked: The World’s Most and Least Taxed Countries

Some countries collect over 40% of GDP in taxes. Others collect less than 2%. See how countries around the world compare.

Published

October 1, 2026 5:01 am

Dorothy Neufeld

Graphic showing countries ranked by the percentage of government revenue which comes from taxes.

How Countries Compare on Tax Revenue

Key Takeaways

Denmark collects tax revenue equal to 45.3% of GDP, the highest globally, and more than twice the 19.5% collected in the U.S.
Seven of the 10 countries with the highest tax-revenue shares are in Europe.
Several oil-rich economies rank near the bottom, where resource revenues can reduce reliance on conventional taxes.

Tax revenue varies dramatically around the world, reflecting differences in tax systems, economic development, and other sources of government income.

Using the latest data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), this graphic compares tax revenue as a share of GDP across countries in 2024.

Compare your country with its peers in the final table on this page.

Where Governments Rely Most on Taxes

Among wealthy economies, the differences are substantial. Denmark collects tax revenue equal to 45.3% of GDP, versus roughly 29% in Canada and Australia and just 19.5% in the United States.

Rank	Country	Tax Revenue as % of GDP (2024)
1	🇩🇰 Denmark	45.3%
2	🇧🇬 Bulgaria	38.8%
3	🇸🇪 Sweden	38.7%
4	🇳🇦 Namibia	35.3%
5	🇮🇸 Iceland	33.4%
6	🇳🇿 New Zealand	32.6%
7	🇳🇴 Norway	31.3%
8	🇸🇿 Eswatini	30.7%
9	🇱🇺 Luxembourg	30.7%
10	🇫🇮 Finland	30.4%
11	🇮🇹 Italy	29.6%
12	🇧🇪 Belgium	29.6%
13	🇨🇦 Canada	29.5%
14	🇦🇺 Australia	29.4%
15	🇲🇪 Montenegro	29.0%
16	🇫🇷 France	28.7%
17	🇬🇧 UK	28.5%
18	🇦🇹 Austria	28.3%
19	🇬🇷 Greece	27.8%
20	🇧🇧 Barbados	27.8%

These differences partly reflect how countries structure their tax systems and fund public services.

Nordic countries generally have broad tax bases that help finance extensive public programs, while the U.S. relies more heavily on private spending in areas such as healthcare and retirement.

The World’s Least Taxed Countries

At the other end of the ranking, oil-rich economies sit alongside some of the world’s poorest countries. Both collect relatively little in taxes, but for very different reasons.

Rank	Country	Tax Revenue as a % of GDP (2024)
1	🇱🇾 Libya	1.2%
2	🇰🇼 Kuwait	1.4%
3	🇮🇶 Iraq	1.7%
4	🇾🇪 Yemen	2.0%
5	🇸🇩 Sudan	2.0%
6	🇸🇴 Somalia	2.2%
7	🇳🇬 Nigeria	3.4%
8	🇶🇦 Qatar	3.8%
9	🇧🇭 Bahrain	4.4%
10	🇴🇲 Oman	4.5%
11	🇸🇸 South Sudan	4.8%
12	🇭🇹 Haiti	5.0%
13	🇮🇷 Iran	5.2%
14	🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea	5.5%
15	🇦🇴 Angola	5.6%
16	🇲🇲 Myanmar	5.6%
17	🇧🇳 Brunei	6.1%
18	🇪🇹 Ethiopia	6.2%
19	🇸🇱 Sierra Leone	6.4%
20	🇵🇦 Panama	6.7%

For major oil producers, natural resources provide an alternative source of government revenue. Kuwait collects just 1.4% of GDP in taxes, while Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman are all below 5%.

In lower-income countries, low tax collections can instead reflect large informal economies and limited tax-collection capacity. Similar tax levels can therefore result from resource wealth in one country and difficulty raising revenue in another.

America’s Growing Tax and Spending Gap

The U.S. occupies an interesting position in the global comparison. Its tax take is lower than that of many other advanced economies, while federal spending is projected to remain substantially higher than federal revenues.

In 2026, federal spending is projected at 23.3% of GDP, versus revenues of 17.5%. By 2036, those figures are projected to reach 24.4% and 17.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, net interest is projected to more than double to $2.1 trillion, nearly matching all federal discretionary spending.

This leaves a persistent gap between what the federal government collects and what it spends, while a growing share of the budget goes toward servicing past borrowing.

Tax Revenue Around the World

Countries’ tax revenues vary based on development levels, institutional capacity, tax systems, and resource wealth. The table below lists countries worldwide by tax revenue as a percentage of GDP in 2024.

Country	Tax Revenue as % of GDP (2024)
🇦🇫 Afghanistan	10.9%
🇦🇱 Albania	19.8%
🇩🇿 Algeria	9.4%
🇦🇩 Andorra	15.8%
🇦🇴 Angola	5.6%
🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda	15.6%
🇦🇷 Argentina	22.8%
🇦🇲 Armenia	22.4%
🇦🇼 Aruba	21.0%
🇦🇺 Australia	29.4%
🇦🇹 Austria	28.3%
🇦🇿 Azerbaijan	17.8%
🇧🇭 Bahrain	4.4%
🇧🇩 Bangladesh	7.4%
🇧🇧 Barbados	27.8%
🇧🇾 Belarus	27.2%
🇧🇪 Belgium	29.6%
🇧🇿 Belize	23.2%
🇧🇯 Benin	13.2%
🇧🇹 Bhutan	10.8%
🇧🇴 Bolivia	17.8%
🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina	22.6%
🇧🇼 Botswana	22.4%
🇧🇷 Brazil	25.6%
🇧🇳 Brunei Darussalam	6.1%
🇧🇬 Bulgaria	38.8%
🇧🇫 Burkina Faso	18.8%
🇧🇮 Burundi	12.1%
🇨🇻 Cabo Verde	19.4%
🇰🇭 Cambodia	12.5%
🇨🇲 Cameroon	12.7%
🇨🇦 Canada	29.5%
🇨🇫 Central African Republic	7.8%
🇹🇩 Chad	7.4%
🇨🇱 Chile	19.6%
🇨🇳 China	13.0%
🇨🇴 Colombia	23.0%
🇰🇲 Comoros	8.9%
🇨🇷 Costa Rica	13.2%
🇨🇮 Cote d'Ivoire	13.6%
🇭🇷 Croatia	27.2%
🇨🇾 Cyprus	25.3%
🇨🇿 Czech Republic	18.9%
🇨🇩 DR Congo	9.8%
🇩🇰 Denmark	45.3%
🇩🇯 Djibouti	11.0%
🇩🇲 Dominica	22.3%
🇩🇴 Dominican Republic	14.5%
🇪🇨 Ecuador	13.6%
🇪🇬 Egypt	11.7%
🇸🇻 El Salvador	21.6%
🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea	5.5%
🇪🇪 Estonia	22.9%
🇸🇿 Eswatini	30.7%
🇪🇹 Ethiopia	6.2%
🇫🇯 Fiji	22.3%
🇫🇮 Finland	30.4%
🇫🇷 France	28.7%
🇬🇦 Gabon	13.3%
🇬🇪 Georgia	24.9%
🇩🇪 Germany	23.0%
🇬🇭 Ghana	13.3%
🇬🇷 Greece	27.8%
🇬🇩 Grenada	23.6%
🇬🇹 Guatemala	11.8%
🇬🇳 Guinea	12.3%
🇬🇼 Guinea-Bissau	8.8%
🇬🇾 Guyana	8.2%
🇭🇹 Haiti	5.0%
🇭🇳 Honduras	17.5%
🇭🇰 Hong Kong SAR	14.2%
🇭🇺 Hungary	24.7%
🇮🇸 Iceland	33.4%
🇮🇳 India	18.1%
🇮🇩 Indonesia	10.1%
🇮🇷 Iran	5.2%
🇮🇶 Iraq	1.7%
🇮🇪 Ireland	20.5%
🇮🇱 Israel	24.9%
🇮🇹 Italy	29.6%
🇯🇲 Jamaica	25.6%
🇯🇵 Japan	20.2%
🇯🇴 Jordan	15.4%
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan	16.0%
🇰🇪 Kenya	12.9%
🇰🇮 Kiribati	17.5%
🇰🇷 Korea	13.2%
🇽🇰 Kosovo	27.1%
🇰🇼 Kuwait	1.4%
🇰🇬 Kyrgyz Republic	21.8%
🇱🇦 Lao P.D.R	12.4%
🇱🇻 Latvia	22.8%
🇱🇧 Lebanon	10.3%
🇱🇸 Lesotho	23.5%
🇱🇷 Liberia	11.6%
🇱🇾 Libya	1.2%
🇱🇮 Liechenstein	14.5%
🇱🇹 Lithuania	22.3%
🇱🇺 Luxembourg	30.7%
🇲🇴 Macao SAR	25.9%
🇲🇬 Madagascar	11.4%
🇲🇼 Malawi	14.1%
🇲🇾 Malaysia	12.5%
🇲🇻 Maldives	24.3%
🇲🇱 Mali	15.8%
🇲🇹 Malta	23.1%
🇲🇭 Marshall Islands	13.9%
🇲🇷 Mauritania	15.3%
🇲🇺 Mauritius	23.1%
🇲🇽 Mexico	15.7%
🇫🇲 Micronesia	16.5%
🇲🇩 Moldova	21.2%
🇲🇳 Mongolia	23.9%
🇲🇪 Montenegro	29.0%
🇲🇦 Morocco	20.8%
🇲🇿 Mozambique	20.3%
🇲🇲 Myanmar	5.6%
🇳🇦 Namibia	35.3%
🇳🇷 Nauru	19.4%
🇳🇵 Nepal	16.4%
🇳🇱 Netherlands	26.5%
🇳🇿 New Zealand	32.6%
🇳🇮 Nicaragua	20.9%
🇳🇪 Niger	6.9%
🇳🇬 Nigeria	3.4%
🇲🇰 North Macedonia	18.9%
🇳🇴 Norway	31.3%
🇴🇲 Oman	4.5%
🇵🇰 Pakistan	9.9%
🇵🇼 Palau	21.7%
🇵🇦 Panama	6.7%
🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea	12.1%
🇵🇾 Paraguay	11.4%
🇵🇪 Peru	14.3%
🇵🇭 Philippines	15.4%
🇵🇱 Poland	22.2%
🇵🇹 Portugal	24.9%
🇶🇦 Qatar	3.8%
🇨🇬 Republic of Congo	10.6%
🇷🇴 Romania	16.4%
🇷🇺 Russia	19.2%
🇷🇼 Rwanda	13.8%
🇼🇸 Samoa	24.1%
🇸🇲 San Marino	17.6%
🇸🇹 Sao Tome and Principe	10.8%
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia	7.2%
🇸🇳 Senegal	18.2%
🇷🇸 Serbia	23.5%
🇸🇨 Seychelles	27.4%
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone	6.4%
🇸🇬 Singapore	14.3%
🇸🇰 Slovak Republic	19.6%
🇸🇮 Slovenia	21.5%
🇸🇧 Solomon Islands	21.4%
🇸🇴 Somalia	2.2%
🇿🇦 South Africa	25.2%
🇸🇸 South Sudan	4.8%
🇪🇸 Spain	23.9%
🇱🇰 Sri Lanka	12.4%
🇰🇳 St. Kitts and Nevis	15.2%
🇱🇨 St. Lucia	19.7%
🇻🇨 St. Vincent and the Grenadines	23.6%
🇸🇩 Sudan	2.0%
🇸🇷 Suriname	18.9%
🇸🇪 Sweden	38.7%
🇨🇭 Switzerland	20.0%
🇹🇯 Tajikistan	17.1%
🇹🇿 Tanzania	11.9%
🇹🇭 Thailand	16.0%
🇧🇸 The Bahamas	17.3%
🇬🇲 The Gambia	11.1%
🇹🇱 Timor-Leste	9.1%
🇹🇬 Togo	14.9%
🇹🇴 Tonga	22.0%
🇹🇹 Trinidad and Tobago	21.9%
🇹🇳 Tunisia	25.3%
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan	11.9%
🇹🇻 Tuvalu	17.0%
🇹🇷 Türkiye	16.6%
🇦🇪 UAE	18.2%
🇺🇬 Uganda	12.9%
🇺🇦 Ukraine	27.4%
🇬🇧 United Kingdom	28.5%
🇺🇸 United States	19.5%
🇺🇾 Uruguay	18.2%
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan	13.6%
🇻🇺 Vanuatu	13.9%
🇻🇳 Vietnam	13.0%
🇵🇸 West Bank and Gaza	25.6%
🇾🇪 Yemen	2.0%
🇿🇲 Zambia	17.3%
🇿🇼 Zimbabwe	11.6%

Learn More on the Voronoi App

To learn more about this topic, check out this graphic breaking down income tax revenue by wealth bracket in America.

Technology

Ranked: The 10 Youngest U.S. Billionaires on the Forbes 400

America’s youngest billionaires are increasingly tied to AI, with seven of the top 10 building fortunes in the industry.

Published

September 30, 2026 8:08 am

Sofie Gilbert

Ranked: The 10 Youngest U.S. Billionaires on the Forbes 400

Key Takeaways

Seven of America’s 10 youngest Forbes 400 billionaires built their fortunes in AI.
Anthropic accounts for four of the 10, with their combined fortunes totaling an estimated $62 billion.
Nine of the 10 are self-made, but the lone heir, Lukas Walton, is the richest at $44.4 billion.

Artificial intelligence isn’t just creating some of America’s most valuable startups. It’s also creating a new generation of billionaires.

The 2026 Forbes 400 includes founders and executives behind Anthropic, OpenAI, Surge AI, and Cognition among its youngest members, highlighting how quickly AI wealth has risen into the upper ranks of America’s richest people.

This visualization ranks the 10 youngest members of the Forbes 400 by age and shows the companies behind their fortunes.

Net worth figures are as of Sept. 4, 2026, and a fortune of at least $4.4 billion was required to make this year’s Forbes 400.

How AI Is Reshaping America’s Youngest Billionaires

The youngest person in the group is 30-year-old Steven Hao, cofounder of AI coding company Cognition, with an estimated fortune of $5.8 billion.

At the other end of the ranking, several billionaires are 39 years old, including Walmart heir Lukas Walton and Anthropic cofounders Daniela Amodei and Tom Brown.

Name	Age	Net Worth (Billions)	Source of Wealth:
Steven Hao	30	$5.8B	Cognition
Palmer Luckey	33	$5.9B	Anduril
Sam McCandlish	36	$15.5B	Anthropic
Jack Clark	37	$15.5B	Anthropic
Greg Brockman	38	$25.5B	OpenAI
Edwin Chen	38	$18.0B	Surge AI
Daniela Amodei	39	$15.5B	Anthropic
Tom Brown	39	$15.5B	Anthropic
Vlad Tenev	39	$7.1B	Robinhood
Lukas Walton	39	$44.4B	Walmart

Seven names on the list made their fortunes in AI. The remaining fortunes come from Walmart, fintech company Robinhood, and defense technology company Anduril.

Four Anthropic Cofounders Are Worth $15.5 Billion Each

Anthropic accounts for four of the 10 youngest billionaires: Sam McCandlish, Jack Clark, Daniela Amodei, and Tom Brown.

Forbes estimates that each holds a stake worth $15.5 billion, putting their combined fortunes at roughly $62 billion. The four range in age from 36 to 39.

Other AI fortunes include OpenAI cofounder Greg Brockman, whose estimated net worth stands at $25.5 billion, Surge AI founder Edwin Chen at $18 billion, and Cognition cofounder Steven Hao at $5.8 billion.

Most of These Fortunes Are Tied to Private Companies

Another defining feature of the ranking is how much of the wealth comes from private companies. Eight of the 10 fortunes are based on private-company stakes valued using recent funding rounds, according to the source note accompanying the Forbes data.

Unlike public stocks, private companies don’t have continuously traded market prices. New funding rounds can reset company valuations and significantly change the estimated paper wealth of major shareholders.

That dynamic is especially important for privately held AI companies, where rising valuations have created multibillion-dollar fortunes well before many of these businesses have reached the public markets.

The Only Heir Is Also the Richest

For all the new wealth being created in technology, the richest person in the ranking represents a much older source of billionaire wealth.

Name	Source of Wealth:	Self-made or inherited
Steven Hao	Cognition	Self-made
Palmer Luckey	Anduril	Self-made
Sam McCandlish	Anthropic	Self-made
Jack Clark	Anthropic	Self-made
Greg Brockman	OpenAI	Self-made
Edwin Chen	Surge AI	Self-made
Daniela Amodei	Anthropic	Self-made
Tom Brown	Anthropic	Self-made
Vlad Tenev	Robinhood	Self-made
Lukas Walton	Walmart	Inherited

At 39, Lukas Walton has an estimated net worth of $44.4 billion stemming from retail giant Walmart. He is the only person among the 10 whose fortune is identified as inherited.

His fortune also stands above every individual AI billionaire shown.

The ranking captures two very different paths to extreme wealth within the same generation: a decades-old retail fortune at the top and a wave of newer fortunes built around some of the world’s fastest-growing technology companies.